[1] Anthony M. Orum, City-Building in America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), 52.
[2] John G. Gregory, History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, vol. 1 (Chicago and Milwaukee: S.J. Clarke Publishing, 1931), 536; Bayrd Still, Milwaukee: The History of a City (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948), 187-188; John Gurda, The Making of
[1] Donald E. Pienkos, “The Polish Americans in Milwaukee Politics,” in Ethnic Politics in Urban America, ed. Angela T. Pienkos (Chicago, IL: Polish American Historical Association, 1978), 67.
[2] Donald Pienkos, “Politics, Religion, and Change in Polish Milwaukee, 1900-1930,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 61 (Spring 1978), 179-180.
[1] Donald E. Pienkos, “Old and New: Celebrating Wisconsin’s Polish Legacy,” The World and I (June 1999): 200-207.
[2] “History,” Polish Center of Wisconsin, accessed June 12, 2015.
[3] The June 15, 2011 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel provides a typical description of the programming at Polish Fest. See See Kathy Flanigan, “Polish Fest to
[1] Waclaw Kruszka, A History of the Poles in America to 1908, vol. I (Washington: D.C.: The Catholic University Press of America, 1993), 280.
[2] Kruszka, A History of the Poles in America to 1908, 282, 290, 296-298; James S. Pula, ed.,The Polish American Encyclopedia (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011), s.v. “Michael Kruszka,” 249.
[1] Milwaukee River Revitalization Council, An Historical Overview of the Milwaukee River Basin (Milwaukee: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1989), 5.
[2] Milwaukee Health Department, Annual Report of the Commission of Health of Milwaukee for the Year of 1879, 244.
[3] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical
[1] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999), 170.
[2] John Gurda, Cream City Chronicles (Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2007), 241-245.
[3] Mike Corenthal, ed., The Illustrated History of Wisconsin Music: 1840-1990: 150 Years of Melodies and Memories (Milwaukee: Yesterday’s Memories, 1991), 406-407.
[1] Patty Loew, “Urban Indians,” in Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal, 2nd ed. (Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2013), 170.
[2] Tara Browner, Heartbeat of the People: Music and Dance of the Northern Pow-wow (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2002): 27.
[1] Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, “Metro-Area Membership Report: Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI, Metropolitan Statistical Area,” (Association of Religion Data Archives, 2010), accessed February 13, 2017.
[2] For additional members, see Manual of the First Presbyterian Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Milwaukee: Starrs’ Book and Job Office, 1854); John Gurda, Keeping Faith in the City:
[1] “Gay Pride Week,” Take Heed!, [1970], The Gay Peoples Union Digital Collection, University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries, accessed December 28, 2015; “Gay Pride,” Kaleidoscope, p. 2, December 10-18, 1970, Kaleidoscope Digital Collection, UWM Libraries Digital Collections & Initiatives, accessed December 27, 2015; “Gay Events This Week,” Kaleidoscope, p. 19, January 1-8, 1971, Kaleidoscope Digital Collection, Kaleidoscope Digital Collection,
[1] Douglas C. McMurtrie, Early Printing in Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Wisconsin Cuneo Press, 1930), 14, 39-41; History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin: From Pre-Historic Times to the Present Date, Embracing a Summary Sketch of the Native Tribes, and an Exhaustive Record of Men and Events for the Past Century; Describing, the City, Its Commercial, Religious, Educational and
[1] Gay prostitution, less visible, also has existed in Milwaukee. See, for example, Gerald Stephen Graczkowski, “The Subcultural Phenomenon of Gay Male Prostitution in Milwaukee” (MA thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1985).
[2] “Resolutions of Common Council,” Milwaukee Sentinel, February 16, 1850; “Proceedings of Common Council,” Milwaukee Sentinel, January 29, 1851.
[1] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999), 2.
[2] Marie Kohler, “Indian Mounds: Wisconsin’s Priceless Archaeological Treasures,” ExpressMilwaukee.com, June 15, 2011, last accessed September 10, 2017; Lizard Mound County Park, Wisconsinmounds.com website, last accessed September 10, 2017.
[3] Diane M. Buck and Virginia A. Palmer, Outdoor Sculpture in Milwaukee:
[1] Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, “School District Directory,” https://apps4.dpi.wi.gov/ SchoolDirectory/Search/PublicDistrictsSearch last accessed August 13, 2016, now available at https://apps4.dpi.wi.gov/SchoolDirectory/Search/PublicDistrictsSearch, last accessed July 18, 2017.
[2] Lloyd P. Jorgenson, The Founding of Public Education in Wisconsin (Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1956), 6
[1] Randy Garber, ed., Built in Milwaukee: An Architectural View of the City (Milwaukee, WI: City of Milwaukee, Henry W. Maier, Mayor, and the Dept. of City Development, William Ryan Drew, Commissioner, 1981), 84.
[2] Joseph J. Korom, Look Up, Milwaukee: Eastside/Westside, All Around Downtown: A Descriptive and Pictorial Display of Selected
[1] Increase Allen Lapham, A Geographical and Topographical Description of Wisconsin; with Brief Sketches of Its History, Geology, Mineralogy, Natural History, Population, Soil, Productions, Government, Antiquities, &c. &c. (Milwaukee: P.C. Hale, 1844).
[2] Kirk Bates, “A Century of Printing in Milwaukee,” The Milwaukee Journal, May 11, 1940, 4; Douglas C. McMurtrie, <
[1] Cristobal Berry-Cabán, “Puerto Rican Strategies for Survival: Work and Kinship among Esperanceños in Milwaukee” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1981).
[2] Elisa Romero, personal communication, July 16, 2015.
[3] Avelardo Valdez, “The Social and Occupational Integration among Mexican and Puerto Rican Ethnics in an Urban Industrial Society” (Ph.D. diss., University of
[1] John Fennell, Ready, Fire, Aim: With a Belief That Ordinary People Can Accomplish Extraordinary Things, Harry V. Quadracci Built a Legendary Printing Company and Changed an Industry ([Wisconsin]: Quad/Graphics, 2006), 21-45.