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[1] “History of the Milwaukee Mile,” Save the Milwaukee Mile website, accessed February 24, 2016.

[2] Dick Wallen, United States Auto Club: Fifty Years of Speed and Glory (Indianapolis, IN: Dick Wallen Productions, 2006), 529-581; Current State of the Milwaukee Mile, Save the Milwaukee Mile website, last accessed July 19, 2017.

[3]  “Race Results at Milwaukee,”

[1] J.J. Schlicher, “Hans Balatka and the Milwaukee Musical Society,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 27, no. 1 (September 1943): 44.

[2] J.J. Schlicher, “The Milwaukee Musical Society in Times of Stress,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 27, no. 2 (December 1943): 180-188.

[3] Ann Bakamijian Reagan, “Art Music in Milwaukee in the Late Nineteenth Century, 1850

[1] Wisconsin Historical Society, “Biography/History,” National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Milwaukee Branch: Records, 1917-1989, accessed March 8, 2014.

[2] Jack Dougherty, More than One Struggle: The Evolution of Black School Reform in Milwaukee (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 34; “Local NAACP Legend Recalls 7 Decades of Struggle,” The

[1] Brian A. Reaves, “Local Police Departments, 2013: Personnel, Policies, and Practices,” US Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2015, p. 14.

[2] “Wickersham Report on Police,” National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement Report No. 14, The American Journal of Police Science 2, no. 4 (Jul.-Aug. 1931): 337-348.

[3] Forward, “Report on Policing” (unpublished

[1] “A (Brief) History of the Milwaukee Press Club,” Milwaukee Press Club, accessed September 18, 2013, http://www.milwaukeepressclub.org/about/history, information now available at https://milwaukeepressclub.org/about-us/our-history/, last accessed July 31, 2017; Henry E. Legler et al., Milwaukee Press Club Book (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Press Club, 1895).

[2] “Articles of Incorporation,” Box 1, Folder 5, Milwaukee

[1] Alice E. Smith, From Exploration to Statehood: History of Wisconsin (Stevens Point, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society, 2013), 564.

[2] Bayrd Still, Milwaukee: The History of a City (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948), 70.

[3] Still, Milwaukee, 81.

[4] John Gurda, “My Library—The Evolution of a Milwaukee Institution,” <

[1] The Milwaukee Journal, February 14, 1963, “City Museum 60 Years Old: Started with One Room,” p. 19, accessed July 22nd, 2015, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19430214&id=J7UWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8CIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1528,4905991&hl=en.

[2] Lurie, A Special Style: The Milwaukee Public Museum, 1882-1982 (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public

[1] “Climate Change—The Long View,” Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey, accessed November 8, 2015.

[2] “Geology Fieldnotes,” National Park Service, accessed November 8, 2015.

[3] Carrie Trousil, “The Milwaukee River,” accessed September 16, 2015.

[4] Trousil, “The Milwaukee River.”

[5] “Potawatomi History,” Milwaukee Public Museum, http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/icw-152.html, last accessed October 20, 2015.

[1] Ellen Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering: The First 100 Years (Milwaukee: MSOE Press, 2003), 4-6.

[2] Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 7-12.

[3] Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 11-16.

[4] Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 43-44.

[5] Langill, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 18, 19, 30

[1] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999). See also “Milwaukee Symphony Obtains Official Recognition as ‘Major,’” The Milwaukee Journal, June 15, 1966, p. 1.

[2] Ann Drinan, “Orchestra Spotlight: Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra,” Polyphonic: The Orchestra Musician’s Forum (blog), February 2007, http://www.polyphonic.org/spotlight.php?

[1] “Milwaukee’s Auditorium Is a Town Hall of Real Democracy,” The Milwaukee Journal, September 10, 1922, accessed December 28, 2013; Tom Strini, “Curtain Going Up,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 6, 2003, accessed January 3, 2014; John Gurda, Cream City Chronicles: Stories of Milwaukee’s Past (Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society, 2007), 157.

[2] “Milwaukee Auditorium Headache,”

[1] Michael Ross Grover, “‘All Things to Black Folks’: A History of the Milwaukee Urban League, 1919-1980” (MA thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1994), pp. iii-iv.

[2] Grover, “‘All Things to Black Folks,’” 43; Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat 1915-1945, 2nd edition (Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of

[1] Ken Bunch, “New Professional Soccer Team to Be Called Milwaukee Wave,” Milwaukee Sentinel, August 9, 1984.

[2] Milwaukee Wave, “A Legendary History and the Dawning of an Unrivaled Era,” last accessed March 19, 2017.

[3] Andy Olson, “Very Alive and Kicking”, Milwaukee Sentinel, February 2, 1989.

[4] Charles F. Gardner, “End of Road

[1] Grace Norton Kieckhefer, The History of Milwaukee-Downer College, 1851-1951 (Milwaukee: Milwaukee-Downer College, 1950), 3.

[2] Kieckhefer, The History of Milwaukee-Downer College, 8.

[3] Milwaukee-Downer Seminary Alumnae Association, History and Memories of Milwaukee-Downer Seminary (Milwaukee: Milwaukee-Downer Seminary Alumnae Association, 1964), 6.

[4] Milwaukee-Downer Seminary Alumnae Association, History and Memories of

[1] John Gurda, “Summer under Glass: Mitchell Park’s Conservatory Preceded Mitchell Park Domes,” in Cream City Chronicles: Stories of Milwaukee’s Past, ed. John Gurda (Madison: Wisconsin State Historical Society Press, 2007), 155.

[2] “History of the Domes,” goMilwaukee, county.milwaukee.gov/ConstructionoftheDom10361.htm, accessed October 13, 2011.

[3] “Friends of the Domes: Mitchell

[1] Erik Gunn, “Choo Choo Crazy,” Milwaukee Magazine, July, 2010, 71.

[2] Anthony P. Carideo, “They’ve Been Working on the Railroad,” Milwaukee Journal, 1975, accessed May 1, 2014, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19751031&id=-gcqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DykEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5122,5731604, accessed June 2015; The station is located underneath the tracks on

[1] Montessori’s early work at the Rome University Psychiatric Clinic led her to the observation that toddlers and young children have an inner drive to learn from their surroundings. She created materials and child-sized furniture (first of its kind), allowing children to follow their natural tendencies. The results were levels of early achievement not

[1] “Mount Mary Vision, Mission, and Values,” Mount Mary University, accessed October 16, 2016.

[2] “Mount Mary Vision, Mission, and Values,” Mount Mary University, accessed October 16, 2016.

[3] Sister Mary Dominic Cunningham and Edward A. Fitzpatrick, An Autobiography of a College (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1939), 8.

[4] “Mount Mary’s History,” Mount Mary University,

[1] Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century (New York, NY: Basic Books 1989), 20.

[2] Dr. Harry Kanin, interview by author, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, July 14, 2011.

[3] Louis J. Swichkow and Lloyd P. Gartner, The History of the Jews of Milwaukee (Philadelphia, PA: The Jewish Publication

[1] Due to the limited space of this entry as well as the very few studies that have been done on Muslims in Milwaukee, it only provides a brief, and thus incomplete, overview of the history and development of a diverse and growing community.

[2] Othman Atta, Muslims in Milwaukee: A Brief History.