[1] This entry draws from Jesse Gant and Nick Hoffman, Wheel Fever: How Wisconsin Became a Great Bicycling State (Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2013). In Wheel Fever, we consider Milwaukee the epicenter of Wisconsin bicycling not only because the first velocipede ride occurred there in 1869, but also because it served
[1] Ralph Luedtke, “The Story of Billie the Brownie,” accessed September 2, 2015.
[2] “Christmases Past: Billie the Brownie and Milwaukee’s Children,” Children in Urban America Project, accessed September 1, 2015.
[3] “Beanie the Brownie,” Milwaukee County Historical Society, http://www.milwaukeehistory.net/artifacts/online-collections/billie-the-brownie-collection/beanie-the-brownie/, accessed September 2, 2015, now available https://milwaukeehistory.net/research/artifact-collections/
[1] James J. Cooke, Billy Mitchell (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2002), 1-6; Alfred F. Hurley, Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975), vii-2; Joseph Lloyd Croteau, “Billy Mitchell: Author of an Air Power Geo-Political Theory?,” (Master’s thesis, Chapman College, 1980), iv-v.
[1] John Braun’s brewery was listed as the Cedar Brewery in the 1847 City Directory, and as the City Brewery in the 1848 City Directory. Blatz kept the City Brewery name until 1859, when it was listed as the Valentine Blatz Brewery. Milwaukee City Directory, 1847-1859
[1] Steven M. Avella, In the Richness of the Earth (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2002), 240.
[2] Avella, In the Richness of the Earth, 241-44; John Gurda, “The Church and the Neighborhood,” in Milwaukee Catholicism, Steven M. Avella, ed. (Milwaukee: Knights of Columbus, 1991), 13-16.
[1] The Milwaukee Junior League terminated its formal sponsorship of the BloodCenter in 1954 to pursue other projects. “Blood Center Director Will Be Honored,” The Milwaukee Sentinel, April 6, 1949, 11; BloodCenter of Wisconsin, “A History of Advancing Patient Care,” accessed July 1, 2013; “League Leaves Blood Center, Eyes New Job,” The Milwaukee Sentinel, May 11, 1954, 1.
[1] Harry H. Anderson, “Recreation, Entertainment, and Open Space: Park Traditions in Milwaukee County,” in Trading Post to Metropolis: Milwaukee County’s First 150 Years, ed. Ralph M. Aderman (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1987), 255-323.
[2] Mary Alice Koehne, “A Spring of Flowers—Gardens Make Lots of Scents,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel,
[1] The park was renamed Borchert Field in 1927 after the death of the Brewers’ owner, Otto Borchert. Jim Nitz, “Borchert Field (Milwaukee),” Society for American Baseball Research, last accessed May 24, 2013.
[2] Nitz, “Borchert Field (Milwaukee).”
[3] “Borchert Field One of Four Parks Which Lured City’s Baseball Fans,” Milwaukee Journal, section
[1] Paul Calhoun, “Lure of the Ring” Milwaukee Magazine (August 1995): 56.
[2] Ellen Langill and Dave Jensen, The Greater Milwaukee Story (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Publishing Group, 1996), 43-44.
[3] Pete Ehrmann, “Remembering Boxing’s Fantastic, and Illegal, Return to Milwaukee,” OnMilwaukee.com, April 28, 2014, accessed June 1, 2014. The rules, according to local
[1] Thomas C. Cochran, The Pabst Brewing Company: The History of an American Business (New York: New York University Press, 1948), 42.
[2] This brewery was also commonly known as the Owens Brewery. Owens and his associates sold the brewery in 1864 to M. W. Powell and Company, who abandoned it in 1880 as lager became
[1] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999), 15, 26-38, and 48-53; Robert W. Wells, This Is Milwaukee (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970), 48-49. For a capsule summary of the bridge conflict, see Matthew Prigge, “Bridge Wars!” Shepard Express, April 7, 2014, http://shepherdexpress.com/article-23073-bridge-wars_-a&
[1] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 2008), 26-38.
[2] Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee, 37.
[3] Bayrd Still, Milwaukee: The History of a City (Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948), 22-23, 98-99; Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee, 35.
[1] Richard Harris, “Building Regulations and Building Codes,” in Encyclopedia of American Urban History, ed. David Goldfield (Charlotte: University of North Carolina, 2007), 102-105; Richard Harris, “Building Regulations,” in Encyclopedia of Urban America: The Cities and Suburbs, ed. Neil Larry Shumsky, vol.1 (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1998), 104-105.