[1] Clay McShane, Technology and Reform: Street Railways and the Growth of Milwaukee, 1887-1900 (Madison, WI: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1974), 44-59, 96 (quote on 56). Payne also reorganized the streetcar company in bankruptcy in 1895-96, discharging most of the company’s debts, “North American Co. (The) Reorg. May 21, 1895,” Poor’s Manual, Misc.
[1] Richard M. Bernhard, Snowbelt Cities: Metropolitan Politics in the Northeast since World War II (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1990), 175; John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999), 352-353.
[2] Henry W. Maier, Challenge to the Cities; an Approach to a Theory of Urban Leadership (
[1] Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, “Metro-Area Membership Report: Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI, Metropolitan Statistical Area,” (Association of Religion Data Archives, 2010), accessed January 10, 2017.
[2] Joseph A. Rodriguez and Mark Shelley, “Latinos and Asians in Milwaukee,” in Perspectives on Milwaukee’s Past, ed. Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (Urbana, IL: University of
[1] John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Milwaukee: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999), 391.
[2] “Historic Milwaukee, Inc. 1988 Annual Report,” folder 1, box 1, Historic Milwaukee, Inc. Records, UWM Manuscript Collection 133, Archives Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries (hereafter referred to as Historic Milwaukee, Inc. records).
[1] Chia Youyee Vang, Hmong America: Reconstructing Community in Diaspora (Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2010).
[2] Mark E. Pfeifer, John Sullivan, Kou Yang, and Wayne Yang, “Hmong Population and Demographic Trends in the 2010 Census and 2010 American Community Survey,” Hmong Studies Journal 13, no. 2 (2012): 1-31.
[1] Edith H. Quade, “Milwaukee’s Holiday Folk Fair,” LORE 4 (1954): 103.
[2] Quade, “Milwaukee’s Holiday Folk Fair”: 102.; Nick Carter, “A New Home For the Holidays,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 18, 1999, accessed July 29, 2014.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Quade, “Milwaukee’s Holiday Folk Fair”: 102, 105; Bea Pepan, “Holiday Folk Fair Started Small 30 Years
[1] According to Carl Quickert’s 1912 text Washington County, Wisconsin: Past and Present, Holy Hill has also been referred to by a number of names, including: Lapham’s Peak (named in honor of Increase Lapham, an early surveyor of the area), Hermit Hill, and the Sugar Loaf. Carl Quickert, Washington County, Wisconsin:
[1] Alexander S. Weinstock, Acculturation and Occupation: A Study of the 1956 Hungarian Refugees in the United States (The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1969), 21; Puskás, Ties that Bind, Ties that Divide (New York, NY: Holmes & Meier, 2000), 5-8, 45, 51.
[2] Clack and Fauska, “Adjustment to American Life of Thirty Hungarian Immigrant Families,” (
[1] John G. Gregory, History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, vol. 1 (Chicago and Milwaukee: S.J. Clarke Publishing, 1931), 443-444.
[2] Stanley Baron, Brewed in America: A History of Beer and Ale in the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), 233-234; John Gurda, Cream City Chronicles: Stories of Milwaukee’s Past (Madison:
[1] Milo M. Quaife, “Increase Allen Lapham, First Scholar of Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Magazine of History l, no. l (1917): 9.
[2] l. A. Lapham, The Antiquities of Wisconsin as Surveyed and Described (Facsimile of the 1855 Smithsonian Institution edition published by the University of Wisconsin Press in partnership with the University of Wisconsin-Madison
[1] Indian Community School Weekly Report, vol. 41, issue 23 (February 20, 2014): 1; Yvonne Kaquatosh, “‘We Are Home’: Ceremony Held at New Milwaukee Indian Community School,” Kalihwisaks: Official Newspaper of the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin (Oneida, WI), September 13, 2007, p. 5A.
[2] Susan Applegate Krouse, “What Came out of the Takeovers: Women’s
[1] “Community Commission Secretly Discusses Inner Core,” Milwaukee Journal, April 1, 1962. On several occasions during the six-month study period, the Milwaukee Journal published articles referring to the city’s Inner Core: “Platform Stresses ‘Inner Core,’” Milwaukee Journal, October 23, 1959; “Call Issued for Unity in ‘Inner Core,’” Milwaukee Journal, February 2, 1960.
[1] Alice E. Smith, “Banking without Banks: George Smith and the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 48, no. 4 (Summer 1965): 271, 275.
[2] Smith, “Banking without Banks,”
[3] Smith, “Banking without Banks,” 276-280; History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin (Chicago, IL: Western Historical Company, 1881), 192-193.
[1] J.H.H. Alexander, “A Short Industrial History of Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Blue Book (Madison: Industrial Commission, 1929), 35-36. See also John D. Buenker, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. IV, The Progressive Era, 1893-1914 (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society, 1998). According to Buenker, the Wisconsin tool industry “virtually quadrupled” between 1889 and 1914 (104).
[1] Joe Garofoli, “A Friend in a Strange Land,” Milwaukee Journal, September 3, 1987, accessed July 15, 2014, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19870903&id=jV0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-ioEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2905,2363927
[2] “The International Institute and How It Grew,” 1970, Box 3, International Institute Manuscript Collection, 1918-2004, Milwaukee County Historical Society.